Vic tanny gyms. He is considered a pioneer of the modern health club. Vic tanny gyms

 
 He is considered a pioneer of the modern health clubVic tanny gyms  Parody of Vic Tanny Gyms

Who's for the gym? An ad for Andy's gym on Rue Eddy. , a New York City-based private investment firm. Where was "Vic Tanny's" gym? My dad said he used to go there after the late news, but I think mom thought he had a girlfriend or something because he never looked more "buff". In 1947, the first Vic Tanny Health Club. In our view, there was no disparity in bargaining power. He then landed a gig at a gym for women in West Palm Beach, Florida until he began singing, dancing, and acting lessons at Imperial Studios in Palm Beach, where he would meet the woman he married – his ballet teacher!YOU CAN BECOME A LICENSED OWNER OF A WORLD FAMOUS VIC TANNY GYM AND HEALTH CENTER he becomes 21. Gym amenities may feature state-of-the-art equipment, basketball,. Recent filings for VIC TANNY HOME GYMS, INC. . LA Fitness has really gone down hill, at least in Shelby Two. Ballys bought them out and honored it. C. E. 2. Opinion for Universal Gym Equipment, Inc. Find useful information, the address and the phone number of the local business you are. $3000000 or more The Vic Tanny gyms are open to boLh men and women They are equipped with specializedVic Tanny Gyms were a part of life in the San Fernando Valley until they were sold to the Bally fitness chain. In 1949, Armand Tanny married Shirley Luvin, whom he had met at Muscle Beach. On November 3, 1956, plaintiff applied to defendant in writing to take a course in physical training at defendant's gymnasium in Compton and offered to pay the amount requested for a "course of physical education. While he was there a local TV station was going to. Joseph Wing is on Facebook. (Vic Tanny was an eponymous national health club chain in the mid-twentieth century). In Ciofalo v Vic Tanney Gyms (10 N. 2374 Grand Concourse. Translations in context of "Vic Tanny gyms" in English-Romanian from Reverso Context: We are in Los Angeles, in one of the many Vic Tanny gyms, the famous health gym specializing in feminine reshaping. Though grossing $15 million a year, the organization was. L. net dictionary. He also ran many of the Vic Tanny gyms in the late 1940s 50s. Find 2097 listings related to Ballys Vic Tanny Health Club in Miami on YP. Vic Tanny Gyms, Inc. . S. But we are far from the first to pursue. After serving four years in the Air Force Ron started work at the Vic Tanny Gyms, serving as a trainer and manager. S. Vic Tanny, Jr. After an honorable discharge from the Air Force, Lashley managed Vic Tanny Gyms in New York and New Jersey. Jerome M. America title and the 1950 Pro Mr. Get Directions. He is considered a pioneer of the modern health club. During the 1960’s Ron continued as a manger and trainer at the International Health Club in Los Angeles where many athletes and celebrities trained. . 26 views, 3 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Synthetics - The Ultimate 80's Workout Experience: If you need I’ll just be at Vic Tanny’s - Actually footage of me in the. There are no recent reviews. , 177 N. Erica Tanny est diplômée de l'Université McGill en travail social. Tanny’s ‘Vic Tanny Recreation Centers’ were the first large-scale health centers in. (414) 486-7627. By Sarson. It probably dates to the opening of the gym to the early 1940s. This article about him shows his training routine at the time. This action by plaintiff wife for personal injuries, and by plaintiff husband for medical expenses. 2d 294, 296-97, 220 N. , Woodland Hills, CA 91367, on Friday, August 20, 2010, 6:00 p. In the 1940s and ’50s, three gym entrepreneurs, Vic Tanny, Jack LaLanne, and Bob Delmonteque, created the first fitness club chains where men and women could train together in clean, comfortable. A former employee once said of his ex-boss, "Tanny was to the gym business what Henry Ford was to. LA Fitness, Irvine, CA, is acquiring 171 clubs from Bally Total Fitness, Chicago, for $153 million, the companies announced today. Maintained by: Find a Grave. Trainers. Rather, Alack thought the clause meant that he was releasing Vic Tanny from liability for injuries Alack sustained by lifting too much weight or working out for an extended time. This article about him shows his training routine at the time. Licenční posilovny s jeho jménem v USA i v Kanadě stále existují. Cher For The Vic Tanny Health Club. Vic Tanny Centers flourished from the 1950s through the early 1960s, attaining some 100 locations in. In 1947, the first Vic Tanny Health Club. Vic Tinny Gyms (Table of Contents: 24) Big Build-Up Dept. 3. June 2, 1950 - August 14, 2010. Body Dynamics Personal Fitness. Saitowitz and other boutique fitness gyms — a broad designation that includes Pilates and yoga studios, and facilities that focus on indoor cycling or, as is the case with. Although the parties’ stipulation arose out of a payment dispute, the construction defects that were the subject of this lawsuit arose from the performance. The company, in turn, is part of a large conglomerate that has been making fitness. Its group exercises include. S. Mandy was born in Missouri on June 2nd. 1. It will have more than 6,000 square feet of space, about double the size of the current location, so it will have more pool. His father was a tailor. America in 1950. Eddy said outside of court today, “Walk through life holding your head up high. Leg Curl - 4 x 6-10. Bronx, NY 10458. J. 2d 294, 220 N. Two young women advertising Vic Tanny Gyms at the Kitchen Karnival in Los Angeles, USA, 10th December 1954. ) vt gym grl. ” Their meetings were held mainly at the Six Gallery, according to Manuel Neri, though many of the parties at 2322. In 1947, the first Vic Tanny Health Club. Though he bought a 28-room mansion in Beverly Hills in the early 1960s that was once described as “a combination Versailles Palace and Vic Tanny Gym,” the famously flamboyant entertainer. Vic Tanney Gyms, Inc. Tags: Gym Equipment, Los Angeles. Can a 16 year old join Total Fitness? Who owns alphaland gym?Defendant Vic Tanny Compton, Inc. Today was a very sad day for me and many others who had a chance to work for and know Mike Lucci. Steelflex is part of FMI Fitness Master who have been offering fitness-related goods since 2003. He will always be remembered and missed by many loving friends!!!”But a lot of the so-called Muscle Beach training took place five blocks away in Vic Tanny's Gym. App. 2d 5, 207 Mich. He was busy and very successful managing the Vic Tanny gym chain in the California region. To establish a national presence without the need for building countless new facilities, Wildman’s Health and Tennis Corp. Ha ha!Sold Date. Two young women advertising Vic Tanny's Hi-Protein Food Supplement at a Vic Tanny Gyms stand at the Kitchen Karnival in Los Angeles, USA, 10th. E. W. Missouri Court of Appeals, Eastern District. CLOSED NOW. Physical Description Extent. CLOSED NOW. Then came American Health Studios which closed after a very short season. As clients began to use the machine more and more, Tanny installed a Smith Machine in nearly all of his nation wide gyms. Y. Victor A. Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets. The Rise and Fall of Vic Tanny’s Gym What makes this advertisement even stranger is that by 1977, Vic Tanny’s gym was no longer a major player in the fitness industry. Tanny would establish a lifelong professional working relationship with Joe Weider writing for the Weider publications. Amid anti-Italian sentiment during World War II, some of his. 99. Vic Tanny Health Clubs. Credit. Added: May 01, 2012. Industry icons Jack LaLanne and Vic Tanny had owned Bally clubs at various times. Synopsis Discusses the methods and success of the new style of commercial gym. VIC TANNEY GYMS, INC. was a successful Iron Age bodybuilder in the seventies. Two young women advertising Vic Tanny Gyms at the Kitchen Karnival in Los Angeles, USA, 10th December 1954. Mr. She learned from some of the greats: Jack LaLanne, Bill Pearl, Joseph Mullen, Specialist Trainer for Med-X and Jack O'Bleniss, President of the Natural Body Building Federation. Vic Tanny Health Clubs –The First Suburban Fitness Club (1947) In 1947, Vic Tanny, and his brother, Armand, opened the first chain of modern health clubs. See more reviews for this business. The 1956 and 1960 CDs both list Bert Goodrich's Health Center at 6624 Hollywood Boulevard. Over the years I've trained in many gyms. In 1947, the first Vic Tanny Health Club. USA competitions. (1961), 10 N. From the 19th-century gymnastic clubs, to the low-cost and 24/7 amenities of modern gyms, in this gallery we take you through the history of the gym. In Owen v. 2d 294,. 2d 294, 297-98, 220 N. m. Ballys Vic Tanny Health Club 414-761-4900 . In a wonderful (and free) article, Ben Pollack and Jan Todd described the rise of fall of Tanny’s gym, one of America’s first major fitness chains. Map and Directions. 2d 925, 927 (1961), noted: Here there is no special legal relationship and no overriding public interest which demand that this contract provision, voluntarily entered into by competent parties, should be rendered ineffectual. Victor A. 1. Other articles where Vic Tanny is discussed: physical culture: Bodybuilding:. Talk to the staff at Vic Ballys Tanny Internationa for information about reaching your fitness goals in Toledo, OH. All the Hammer Strength is great however the rest of the gym is outdated and not maintained well. To change the image, the two. There were, to be sure, other—and earlier—locations where, for a time, physical fitness boomed, albeit under the more. Tanny competed in many major bodybuilding contests and won the Pro-Mr. She was over it after a. Amid anti-Italian sentiment during World War II, some of his. . America bodybuilding title in 1950 and the Mr. Don Wildman and my father, Rudy Smith, were part of Vic Tanny’s, and another LVAC owner, Jerry Kahn, started with American Health. Vic Tanny Gyms, Inc. Luke Jackson. To serious trainees, this beloved gym became known as the Dungeon. 00 x 15. Weekends he worked at Burbank's Vic Tanny gym. Exculpatory clauses in contracts are strictly construed against the party claiming the benefit. The measurements of this installed fitness equipment are 74-inches by 45-inches by 86-inches. In 1935, while a full-time school teacher, Tanny opened his first fitness club, located in. from Vic tanny to planet fitness. Health Club. . E. Though grossing $15 million a year, the. Iannionardo), nar. Victor "Vic" Tanny (born Victor A. Showing off. But Vic was the one with the real drive to succeed as a businessman; Almand loved the sun and fresh air, and he also had ambitions as a competitive weightlifter. June 2, 1950 - August 14, 2010. E. Alack filed a motion for a new trial on the issue of damages or, in the alternative, to increase the jury award. Muscle and Fitness magazine. Vic Tanny, founder of Tanny Gyms; Jack LaLanne; Joe Gold, founder of Gold's Gym and World Gym; Mr. View community ranking In the Top 1% of largest communities on Reddit. Source citation. Soon his fitness centers became a. TIME called Vic Tanny’s the “biggest chain. 2d 962, 964, 177 N. In 1947, he opened a new type of gym in Los Angeles, a facility dedicated to serving the new post-war middle. There are. Tanny died in 1985 at the age of 73 due to – heart failure, precisely the fate he wished for Americans to avoid. It was just below street level so no natural lighting. Gym owner, Vic Tanny in one of his 60 gyms with his mother exercising. (Cover) "Muscle Builder and Power" was the Weider organization's flagship bodybuilding magazine in the 1950's, 60's and 70's, before becoming "Muscle & Fitness," the world's leading fitness and fitness culture publication. Actor: The Creation of the Humanoids. One week after iron great Irvin “Zabo” Koszewski left for the Great Gym in the Sky, his longtime pal and Muscle Beach cohort Armand Tanny has passed at the age of 90. Pilates. Services Vic Tanny Health Club - Dorsett is a health club in Maryland Heights, MO. Source eBay. He is considered a pioneer of the modern health club. U. Y. Y. Call Bally's Vic Tanny at (248) 557-4700 for more information. 2d 925, 927 (1961), noted: Here there is no special legal relationship and no overriding public interest which demand that this contract provision, voluntarily entered into by competent parties, should be rendered ineffectual. Armand helped develop most of the. At their peak there were 100 Vic Tanny gyms in the United States and Canada. Back in the fifties, going to the gym wasn't a popular pastime. Vic Tanny’s fitness empire eventually included gyms across the country. , 10 N. The new Caper's will be renamed Down Home Billiards. 2nd Circuit. From Business: Founded in 1987, Eastside Tennis and Fitness Club is one of the leading clubs for tennis, fitness, aerobics and other sports in the Grosse Pointe/Detroit area. Former Tanny’s Gym employee Donahue “Don” Wildman founded the Health and Tennis Corporation of America in 1962. App. Now we can understand why some people would enjoy this snack. 2d 280, 48 Ill. So if you are okay with getting a cut rate experience, bring your own towel and plan your workout accordingly. Vic Tanny introduced middle-class America to a new club model, one that pioneered the concept of a facility for men and women (offering alternate day workouts). . Court of Appeals of New York. com. 2d 280, 281 (Ill. Vic Tanny Health Clubs –The First Suburban Fitness Club (1947) In 1947, Vic Tanny, and his brother, Armand, opened the first chain of modern health clubs. In the days before steroids, he credited his wins to diet and hard work. LOUIS -- Missouri Attorney General William Webster has filed suit against the owners of Vic Tanny fitness clubs, charging violations of state consumer fraud laws. Reprints. after an upright row machine malfunctioned and injured Alack. So I picked that up, and Bruce picked that up from me. “I’ve been in fitness my whole life,” said Scafone, who went on to manage 30 Vic Tanny. VIC TANNY INTERNATIONAL OF MISSOURI, INC. Join Facebook to connect with Joseph Wing and others you may know. His clubs, however, folded in the mid-1960s, with many locations becoming part of the Bally Total Fitness Clubs. The first franchise opened in San Francisco in 1980 and the first foreign location was set up in Canada in 1985. Almost half a century before health clubs, fitness videos and weight training became American obsessions, a pioneering enclave in Santa Monica, California, started the physical culture boom. Those were the days when gyms were small and not too popular in Northern Caifornia and most people who were interesting in lifting were YMCA members. Y. In 1974, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act paved the way for women to go out and sign up for exercise classes on their own. Vic Tanny, First Big Gym Chain Developer, Dies - Los Angeles Times. Universal Gym Equipment, Inc v. 2d 294, 177 N. Y. He eventually acquired four more fitness centers in Southern California, which evolved into the Holiday Health Clubs, home to a slew of celebrities, such as Cher and. . , Respondent. 2d 962, 964, 177 N. Vic Tanny gyms were formerly among the top 10 western users of broadcast time. Alack filed a motion for a new trial on the issue of damages or, in the alternative, to increase the jury award. It further expanded with the purchase of the American Fitness Centers and Nautilus Fitness Centers, which were once connected to Vic Tanny and Jack LaLanne. Universal Gym Equipment was an American manufacturer of exercise equipment, in particular weight machines. 2146 Fort St. Eventually there were 84 Tanny gyms nationwide, complemented by sufficient carpet, chrome, and leather to attract a higher-class clientele. ---- 5. Well here’s ‘Smith’ as in Rudy Smith who came up with his machine in the early 1950’s as a manager at Vic Tanny’s Gym in Los Angeles, California. He also ran many of the Vic Tanny gyms in the late 1940s 50s. In November, 1956, the facilities at "Compton Gym" were various types of equipment designed and utilized for corrective exercise, specifically "gym" equipment, showers, and dressing facilities. Health Club. Consumer Feedback. It also acquired Advantage Fitness in San Francisco's marina zone (the company's seventh club in San Francisco and 141st overall). There are rings, parallel bars, ropes,m chinning bars and jungle. You are bidding on a vintage VIC TANNY'S GYMS Membership Card . Menu. , a New York City-based intimate investment firm. Don’t leave. 6 billion by Forstmann Little & Co. Before the consolidation, the Bally clubs were operated under several different names, such as Bally's Health and Fitness, Vic Tanny, and Jack LaLanne. 17. In the early ’50s Vic Tanny opened a chain of gyms featuring state-of-the-art equipment that revolutionized the gym business. Tanny's many fitness clubs became part of. , Respondent. Victoria Edwards Lost Ottawa. Vic Tanny, founder of Tanny Gyms; Jack LaLanne; Joe Gold, founder of Gold's Gym and World Gym; Mr. Nov 4, 2019 - Explore Jeff's board "Old school fitness" on Pinterest. It was founded by Harold Zinkin in 1957. VIC TANNY, INC, 207 Mich. From Business: Planet Fitness is a wellness center that offers a variety of individual and group training programs. Add a Review. Jan 15, 2021 - Joe Sanceri also managed the Marina Athletic Club in Marina Del Rey from the late 1980s to the the late 1990s. Definition of vic tanny in the Definitions. Sports Clubs. Basement of Carlingwood Shopping Centre. He was 90. File a complaint includes LA Fitness patron service department. 5474 S 76th St. from Mad (EC, 1952 series) #49 (September 1959). července 1985 ve věku 73 let. In the early ’50s Vic Tanny opened a chain of gyms featuring state-of-the-art equipment that revolutionized the gym business. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for Ballys Vic Tanny Health Club locations in Waterford, MI. Health Club Pioneer. His brother was the Vic Tanny of Vic Tanny’s Gym fame. The jury returned a verdict against Vic Tanny on Alack's negligence count, and awarded Alack $17,000. USA bodybuilder VIC TANNY (Vic Tanny Jr. This facility was a throwback to the 'studios' of the the Vic Tanny era. Moderator; Getbig V;Vic Tanny Gyms, Inc. Published by The Advocate on Aug. 207. Vic Tanny, a body builder and health club pioneer, died Tuesday after suffering a stroke several months ago. Commercial gyms, Chaline shows, have changed a lot in just a few decades, and he predicts they will have to change a lot more and quickly. Zemřel v Tampě 11. In 1947, the first Vic Tanny Health Club. CERTIFIED FITNESS PROFESSIONAL OVER THIRTY YEARS IN THE HEALTH AND FITNESS FIELD Phyllis began her fitness career working at the Vic Tanny gyms. Prior to the advent of Tanny, gyms had the reputation of being strictly for men, and often of the rougher type at that—sweaty, dirty, and dingy. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for Ballys Vic Tanny Health Club locations in Los Angeles, CA. Vic Tanney Gyms, Inc. From Business: Welcome to Snap Fitness Bay View! We’re here for you 24/7 to help you move your body and your mood with a strong member community and a super supportive team. com. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for Ballys Vic Tanny Health Club locations in Chicago, IL. One of the few gyms in SF in the late sixties/early seventies was Riley's Health Club on Golden Gate Ave just off Market St. In 1949, Armand Tanny married Shirley Luvin, whom he had met at Muscle Beach. USA titles in bodybuilding. The Smith machine was developed in the 1950s by Rudy Smith, then the manager of a Los Angeles gym called Vic Tanny’s, according to his 2010 obituary. From the 19th-century gymnastic clubs, to the low-cost and 24/7 amenities of modern gyms, in this gallery we take you through the history of the gym. E. From the 19th-century gymnastic clubs, to the low-cost and 24/7 amenities of modern gyms, in this gallery we take you through the history of the gym. The Crestwood location has operated as a health club for about 30 years, first as a Vic Tanny, then as a Bally's Vic Tanny, then as Bally's. Victor Tanny. During the 1950s and 1960s, American bodybuilder and entrepreneur Vic Tanny oversaw Vic Tanny Centers, which are largely considered to be the first successful gym chain. The 964-pound weight includes the stack of weights. Y. Talk to the staff at Vic Tanny-Bally for information about reaching your fitness goals in Toledo, OH. Yoga. In the 1940s, Jack LaLanne, Vic Tanny, Joe Gold, Les and Pudgy Stockton and other like them drew thousands of visitors to the beach to watch their feats of. The Bally Total Fitness name was developed in 1995, as Bally Health and Tennis Corp. Louis advertisements: Vic Tanny Health & Racquet Clubs (featuring Cher) Oct 8, 1984 . 1996) Brief Fact Summary. Next to be seen is the massive sign for Times Furniture in the William Thomas Building. In 1947, the first Vic Tanny Health Club. Last page has illustration of several comic legends, like Dennis the Menace; Mona Lisa; Groucho Marx and Superman; all sporting huge muscles like Vic. -- Vic Tanny, the body builder and health club pioneer, died in a hospital following a brief illness. Health Clubs like Vic Tanny-Bally offer services that often include exercise, yoga, kick boxing, swimming, sauna, pool, weights, and personal training. 2d 962, 964, 177 N. 2d 5, 207 Mich. Looks like the 60s. U. If you find discrepancies, ask for an accounting. As for Tanny? His legacy is primarily known as being the American pioneer in the creation of the modern health club. S. Talk to the staff at Vic Tanny Health Club - Crestwood for information about reaching your fitness goals in Saint Louis, MO. Health Clubs Health & Fitness Program Consultants Exercise & Physical Fitness Programs. Y. postwar chain was started by Vic Tanny in Santa Monica, California. Tanny won national bodybuilding titles in 1949 and 1950 and was a popular figure at. Vic Tanny filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Find 3000 listings related to Ballys Vic Tanny Health Club in Los Angeles on YP. In 1968, the word "aerobic" was first used, as a doctor named Kenneth Cooper published a book of the same name that touted that this new workout was "the most effective physical fitness plan ever for men and women. The Rochester, New York native won the Pro-Mr. Vic Tanny Photo: Allan Grant. Mandy Tanny Died at Age 60 of Cancer! Pioneer of the women's fitness movement, niece of famed gym owner Vic Tanny and daughter of legendary bodybuilder Armand Tanny, died Saturday morning at West Hills hospital due to complications from cancer. This is Sheena Easton's Strut in a 1988 Bally's Vic Tanny commercial. Iannidinardo; February 18, 1912 – June 11, 1985) was an American bodybuilder, entrepreneur and physical culture advocate. Vic Tannys [sic] Gym on Hollywood Boulevard in the 1961 CD. , 10 N. Get this The Van Nuys News and Valley Green Sheet page for free from Thursday, December 5, 1957 ifQ NEWS Thursday, Dec. WJBK Channel 2 was the CBS Affiliate i. VCC 101. 92 in) - 300 dpi - 9 MB. 2d 962, 964, 177 N. 2d 925 (1961), is factually similar. Erica Tanny is a graduate of McGill University in Social Work. In 1963, Vic sold his clubs in an effort to retire. from Mad (EC, 1952 series) #49 (September 1959) Indexer Notes. He also ran many of the Vic Tanny gyms in the late 1940s 50s. Vic Tanny Gyms. See the article in its original context from July 22, 1960, Page 20 Buy Reprints. W. Now LA honored it. Vic Tanny was born in Rochester, New York in 1912. Detroit, MI 48224. . During the 1960’s Ron continued as a manger and trainer at the International Health Club in Los Angeles where many athletes and celebrities trained. Tanny opened his first health club in 1935 in Rochester, his. “Donahue was a brilliant pioneer of the fitness industry. Prior to the advent of Tanny, gyms had the reputation of being strictly for men, and often of the rougher type at that—sweaty, dirty, and dingy lairs reserved for serious bodybuilders. In 1939, he sold the club and opened aVic Tanny Health Club - Crestwood is a Health Club at 9744 Watson Road, Saint Louis, MO 63126. Beach in Santa Monica, Muscle Beach Venice, World Gym, Gold’s Gym, Powerhouse Gym and the past locations of the Vic Tanny Gym of the 40s and 50s (long since evolved into the foundation of the Holiday Spa gym chain that grew nationwide and is today the Bally’s chain of. 2535 S Brentwood Blvd. In 1954, he took a break from the gyms to tour for a couple of years with a host of other bodybuilders in the Mae West show. Anatomy. Claim this business Share. Here are the other Vic Tanny's locations I found in the early-60s: 6132 Pacific Boulevard 9356 Santa Monica Boulevard (listed as "Vic Tanny's Western Home") 743 N San Vicente Boulevard 1357 Vine. Y. 2. Tanny died in 1985 at the age of 73 due to – heart failure, precisely the fate he wished for Americans to avoid. You walked into Vic Tanny’s and stepped on Jenny Craig She picked me up to snap me like a skinny twig Put me in a headlock, then I. 2d 925, 926 (1961). Call Vic Ballys Tanny Internationa at (419) 885-4627 for more information. Lincoln Park, MI 48146. There’s always a daily reminder of this tragedy. 37. VIC TANNY, INC, 207 Mich. Hours. In November 1656 the facilities at ‘Compton Gym’ were various types of equipment designed and utilized for corrective exercise, specifically ‘gym’ equipment, showers, and dressing facilities. The Rose family has a history of deep commitment to and involvement in the well-being of Green Bay. The Crestwood location has operated as a health club for about 30 years, first as a Vic Tanny, then as a Bally's Vic Tanny, then as Bally's. (1961), 10 N.